![]() Keeps the same data format as Gramps 3.4.įull Python 3 support. The Gramps XML Specification was updated to make it idempotent.Ĭonversion to GTK+ 3, add support for Python 3. Replaced Source References with Citations that allow sharing and can have media objects and 'data' elements attached to them. ![]() New management system for plugins, performance optimization, hierarchical Place list, Map plotting view Introduced the new Family Tree database format. Originally only available for Unix-like operating systems, with this release GRAMPS became available for Windows. Introduction of the Berkeley database backend. (Don originally called the program Relativity before his father suggested the name GRAMPS(Genealogical Research and Analysis Management Programming System)) (Patches and bug fixes are published on GitHub and periodically collated in minor "bug fix" releases.) Version The following table shows a selected history of new feature releases for project. The project began as GRAMPS in 2001, and the first stable release was in 2004. ![]()
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![]() Like the previous expansions, Decay shows the story of Half-Life from the perspective of a different set of protagonists. The player guides Freeman in an attempt to escape the facility and close the portal, ultimately traveling to Xen to do so. In Half-Life, the player takes on the role of Gordon Freeman, a scientist involved in an accident that opens an inter-dimensional portal to the borderworld of Xen, allowing the alien creatures of Xen to attack the facility. Half-Life takes place at a laboratory called the Black Mesa Research Facility, situated in a remote desert in New Mexico. Plot Ĭolette Green and Gina Cross in Decay the models used in the game were of a significantly higher quality than in previous Half-Life titles.ĭecay is set in the same location and timeframe as Half-Life. Should players successfully complete the game's nine missions with "A" grades on every level, they are given access to a bonus cooperative mission, in which they can play as a pair of Vortigaunts, as well as the ability to play through the PlayStation 2 version of the original Half-Life as a Vortigaunt. This score is based on each player's accuracy with weapons, the number of kills they acquired and the amount of damage they sustained during the course of the mission. How players perform in each mission is ranked at the conclusion of the level as a grade from "A" to "F". The game is unique in the context of the Half-Life series in that it is the only game divided into separate missions, each with a specific objective to pursue, instead of consisting of a single unbroken narrative. Although developed after Opposing Force, no non-player characters or weapons from the earlier expansion appear in Decay. The players have access to a limited selection of Half-Life 's weaponry to assist them in the game. An array of enemy characters from Half-Life populate the game, including alien lifeforms such as headcrabs and Vortigaunts, as well as human soldiers sent in to contain the alien threat. While Decay still features levels where this is the case, significant sections in Decay are dedicated to working with friendly non-player characters, usually escorting them to various objectives and protecting them in firefights. In Half-Life, players usually fight alone and only occasionally encounter friendly non-player characters who assist them, such as security guards and scientists. When not in use, a character has sufficient artificial intelligence to defend themselves, but otherwise does not move from where they have been left by the player. In this case, the player can only control one character at a time, and can switch between the two characters quickly. Although intended to be played by two people in split screen mode, Decay can still be played by a single player. ![]() ![]() This requires players to work together to progress through the game's levels and complete puzzles as they arise in-game. However, Decay differs from Half-Life and its first two expansion packs, Opposing Force and Blue Shift, in that it is designed for cooperative multiplayer gameplay. Like the original title it is based on, Decay requires players to engage in combat with hostile non-player characters and complete various puzzle solving tasks to advance through the game. A number of reviews stated that the game simply felt like little more than an extra add-on for the PlayStation 2 version of Half-Life.ĭecay is played in a split screen mode, as seen here.Īs is the case with the other games in the Half-Life series, Decay is a first-person shooter. Many reviewers felt the game was best when played with other players, but that its more puzzle-oriented gameplay somewhat detracted from the overall experience. Decay is a cooperative multiplayer game, designed to be played by two people working together to pass through the game's levels.ĭecay was not a critical success, but was received with some positivity by video game journalists. It is the third expansion pack for Half-Life, and like its predecessors, Decay returns to the setting and timeline of the original story, albeit portraying the story from the viewpoint of a different set of protagonists: two female scientists working in the Black Mesa Research Facility. Developed by Gearbox Software and published by Sierra On-Line, Decay was released as part of the PlayStation 2 version of Half-Life in 2001. Half-Life: Decay is a multiplayer-only expansion pack for Valve's first-person shooter Half-Life. ![]() Intelligence based on brain size was widely accepted as fact in the 19th century & Morton’s stature & respect as a surgeon was lauded by his colleagues as proving the superiority of intelligence in whites which became an important ‘study’ by influential plantation owners justification for slave ownership. His self-fulfilling prophecy was aided by his biased SELECTION of skull that ‘fit’ his hypothesis. Morton searched the globe for skulls/skeletons to demonstrate that whites have bigger brains & therefore of higher intelligence, followed by East Asians, Southeast Asian, Native Americans & Blacks. 1 Although not identical to human language, chimpanzees have a complex communication system that uses a variety of body language, facial expression and calls, grunts, gestures, and other specific sounds. They have long-term memories and can even be either left-handed or right-handed. Between 1830’s & 40’s used his wealthy to seek his preconceived notion that humans were distinctly 5 separate races created by individual Gods that embodied each race & were subservient to the white man’s god. Chimpanzees are curious and learn from observation and imitation. A A 19th century highly respected & well published Phila surgeon, Samuel Morton’s legacy as being the ‘father of racism’. Chimps are our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, so its unsurprising they display intelligence similar to that of humans. Huttner, Julia Ladewig and Michael Heide, 13 September 2022, EMBO Reports.Ī purely scientific discovery that contributes to our broadening understanding of human evolutionary development was clearly taken out if context to further a baseless racist’s attempt to perpetuate white superiority over brain size. ![]() Reference: “Human-specific ARHGAP11B ensures human-like basal progenitor levels in hominid cerebral organoids” by Jan Fischer, Eduardo Fernández Ortuño, Fabio Marsoner, Annasara Artioli, Jula Peters, Takashi Namba, Christina Eugster Oegema, Wieland B. Julia Ladewig of HITBR, the third of the lead authors, adds: “Given this important role of ARHGAP11B, it is furthermore conceivable that certain maldevelopments of the neocortex may be caused by mutations in this gene.” “We were thus able to show that ARHGAP11B plays a crucial role in neocortex development during human evolution,” says Michael Heide. When the ARGHAP11B gene was knocked out in human brain organoids or the ARHGAP11B protein’s function was inhibited, the number of these brain stem cells was reduced to that of a chimpanzee. “Our study shows that the gene in chimpanzee organoids causes an increase in relevant brain stem cells and an increase in those neurons that play a crucial role in the extraordinary mental abilities of humans,” said Michael Heide, the study’s lead author, who is head of the Junior Research Group Brain Development and Evolution at the German Primate Center and employee at the MPI-CBG. Would the ARGHAP11B gene cause the chimpanzee brain’s brain stem cells to proliferate, which is required for the neocortex to increase in size? To clarify this, the ARGHAP11B gene was first inserted into chimp organoid brain ventricle-like structures. In magenta are actively proliferating brain stem cells and in yellow a subset of brain stem cells. That’s a whole lot smarter than the dinosaurs of stereotype.A section of a brain organoid made from the stem cells of a human. Based on these numbers, we can say that Rex was roughly as smart as a chimp and more intelligent than dogs and cats. By comparison, our EQ is about 7.5, dolphins come in around 4.0 to 4.5, chimps at about 2.2 to 2.5, dogs and cats are in the 1.0 to 1.2 range, and mice and rats languish around 0.5. rex had an EQ in the range of 2.0 to 2.4. It’s basically a measure of the relative size of the brain compared to the size of the body (because, after all, bigger animals have bigger brains simply because of their body size: elephants have bigger brains than us but are not more intelligent). Evidence for ape intelligence got a major boost in the 1960s in Gombe, Tanzania, when Jane Goodall observed chimpanzees using a twig to 'fish' for ants (pictured in a file photo)the first. It’s called the encephalization quotient (EQ). However, there is a straightforward measure that scientists use to roughly compare the intelligence of different animals. Now, measuring intelligence is riddled with uncertainties, even for humans: just think of all of the IQ tests, exams, SAT scores, and other things that we use to try to assess how smart people are. It’s also a relatively large brain, at least for a dinosaur, which hints that T. It didn’t look anything like our brain but was more of a long tube with a slight kink at its back, surrounded by an extensive network of sinuses. Scans tell us quite a bit about our patient. ![]() It works well enough, and you know a bit of html, it will be added! Think that your strategy belongs here? Simply email me (CookieCrisp13) cookiecrisp(at) to suggest your strategy, and if With at least two legions of samurai and four to six trebuchets, you can quite easily besiege most fortresses.The Japanese are a very agile civilization, and is able to perform a number of unique strategies. Also, the samurai receive the 25% attack speed bonus to their already fast attack speed. The reason why you need to wait till late game (castle age) is because only in the late game will other civilizations more heavily depend on their special units, and this is where the samurai excel: they have bonus attack damage against all special units as well as an unmatched movement speed (aside from Mayan Plumed Archers) so they can get close to targets quickly while avoiding siege fire. From there you should also get trebuchets, because they pack and unpack and fire fast which makes them formidable in siege as they can be up and firing before anything can destroy them, and are easily overlooked by other guides. The moment when you hit castle age you should have your castle out and constantly training (samurai are very fast at being produced) your super-cheap and mega-strong samurai. Save your food and strength till late game, while making sure when you reach castle age you have at least 650 stone, but don't spend too much time trying to get it.By building up as many troops as you can in dark age, then advancing to Feudal Age, where your infantry gain 25% attack speed(which when applied to a mass of infantry)which will help you overwhelm most other civs.They also lack shaft mining, so you will need extra villagers to help with mining of stone and gold(you must have gold).Įasy way to end the game two ways They also don't have treadmill or heated shot, but that is ok as you will rely on your castles to supply units(and you shouldn't want to lose any) and your ships should rule the sea, so there is no need for castles to have bonus damage to ships. They also lack hoardings which means their castles are weaker, as well as not having architecture which means they have less armor and health, so you really always want to be on the offence as they lack the capability to be defensive. They also lack bombard towers which makes them weak when defending, and lack siege onager and ram and bombard cannon. As your halberdier also has a bonus 25% attack speed, which makes them slaughter most cavalry. They lack camels and paladins as well as not having blood lines, which means their cavalry has the underhand in most fights, but this does not mean you cannot fight against them. As well as galleys having a increase of 50% line of sight. This makes them kings of the sea due to their unbeatable variety of ships and upgrades. Their fishing ships get 2x hit points and +2P armor and the work rate overall increases by 5% in Dark age, 10% in Feudal, 15% in castle and 20% in Imperial.Īs well as that, their mill and lumber/mining camps cost 50% less.Īs well as these units, the Japanese have the access to all non-special ships at the docks. The Japanese overall are a balanced civilization. Their unique unit is the Samurai, a speedy infantry unit with extra attack speed. Their major advantage is their strong infantry. With the Chinese and Mongols, the Japanese are one of the civilizations belonging to the East Asian culture. ![]() Aung San Suu Kyi, the elected National League for Democracy (NLD) leader ousted by the coup, was a notable exception, in part because she is Western-educated and the daughter of independence leader Aung San. Prior to the coup, political power in Myanmar lay almost exclusively in the hands of older men. No end is in sight to Myanmar’s crisis and its outcome is far from clear, but changing norms within the resistance are likely to influence the country’s politics and society over time. Armed groups should move from assigning people to posts based on gender, possibly by giving both men and women more choice in how they are deployed. They should do more to deepen inclusion, particularly of women and youth from diverse socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds. They would also gain from doing so, in that otherwise they may lose core supporters’ sympathies. The National Unity Government and other anti-regime forces have strong normative reasons to address this problem. Their power within the movements remains limited, however, and intensified fighting in much of the country further jeopardises it. Post-coup opposition movements have created opportunities for these people to take on roles that earlier were off limits. Donors should increase support for women- and youth-led organisations, while anti-regime armed groups should review the gendered way they assign recruits.Ī young generation, particularly women, are at the forefront of Myanmar’s armed and non-violent resistance to the 2021 coup d’état, challenging longstanding age and gender norms and hierarchies. What should be done? The parallel National Unity Government should move beyond tokenism to genuinely include women and youth from diverse backgrounds in decision-making to build its credibility and break down patriarchal barriers. The outcome of Myanmar’s post-coup crisis is uncertain, but changing norms within the anti-military resistance may well shape politics and society more broadly. Policy priorities are skewed to women’s and youth’s detriment. Why does it matter? Older men have traditionally dominated Myanmar politics – Aung San Suu Kyi being a notable exception. ![]() Yet two years after the coup they remain largely excluded from formal political power, and their role in the opposition movement often goes unacknowledged. I have also noticed that while this happens the disk usage is constantly at 0%, and around 1 minute after no disk usage and the client stuck at around 90 - 95% downloading, it will try and switch to downloading another game, and usually schedules their downloads for later and takes them out of the queue.What’s new? Young people, particularly young women, have been visible and important contributors to the anti-military resistance, challenging age and gender norms in patriarchal Myanmar society. ![]() If I pause the download, the next time I resume it, the download just restarts and then stops at around 90 - 95% (it continues to try and download, but the network download rate becomes 0 bytes/sec). The problem all began when I reached 500 games on Steam, at which point not only this happened, but my client also wouldn't allow me to play another person's family shared games. I also have tried changing my Download Region and opting into and out of the Beta updates. I have tried uninstalling and reinstalling Steam, which would also delete the ClientRegistry.blob file while doing so. I am trying to download some games, but they all get stuck at 90 - 95% when downloading. I hope you're all as excited about what's next in store for Ader, Sep, Eina and the crew as I am! I'll continue bringing you my A game every time to give you the best story I can. ![]() The story progression is very pleasant to read, it has interesting characters and mystery to entice you to keep going with gorgeous art. For reference, I had to delay this update two weeks because I got kidney stones right as I was about to release :,) ) Visual Novel with fantastic voice work about the story of a famous knight. (At the time of writing, that's six months of extreme hopefulness. To sum it up: v 1.6 will lay the groundwork for chapter 4, hopefully arriving in December 2022! More quality of life improvements I'm forgetting! Content Warnings for the game at large and the diary, specifically! An all new Japanese translation for this demo, courtesy of Shion Otsuka! All new encyclopaedia entries! No more asking me who's Djao, YOU CAN JUST GO READ THAT NOW! New original music tracks, courtesy of Emilio Villalba - a historic musician! 100% revamped GUI! And if you preferred the slightly clunky, more legible version, you can go back to it in the Accessibility Menu! No more crusty old raggy "Merchant" - it's Mr. New designs for every other character, and makeovers for the rest! I wanted their sprites to shine. The Hayseed Knight Linux system requirements (minimum) Memory: 2 GB Graphics Card: ATI FireGL T2-128 CPU: Intel Core 2 Duo Q6867 File Size: 1 GB OS: Ubuntu 12.04+ The Hayseed Knight Details 14.99 The PCGB price tracker can try to predict the next official Steam The Hayseed Knight discount. ![]() This update is the product of a year and a half of work, and it is a TON! Even though the full version is only available on Steam at the moment, I really want you to know the game has never looked or sounded as amazing as it does now. It's been a long time of radio silence (longer yet if you don't follow me on twitter or patreon ), trying to find time to work little by little on a million different bits and pieces - all while fighting my failing health. 007 Goldeneye Reloaded PS3 007goldeneyeps3.bms 007 Spt Data.007: Everything or Nothing SPT. ![]() The game is still being developed, and it currently includes chapters 1 to 3- around 10 hours of content! There’s one more chapter and an epilogue left, and they will be released as free updates to those who already own the game.Welcome, everyone, to The Hayseed Knight v 1.6! With deep lore and a history all of its own, the world of The Hayseed Knight extends much farther than this story and is ready for you to dive into using the in-game encyclopedia. Dodge prying questions from an enigmatic sorceress, avoid the ire of your grumpy boss, scrape funds together for your next meal with a tone-deaf bard, engage in philosophical conversation with a giant tree man and more.Ĭloser to a cartoon than simply a visual novel, every scene in The Hayseed Knight is hand drawn and lovingly animated to truly bring the characters and world to life.Ĭreated primarily by one dedicated person over the last three years, The Hayseed Knight is a work of love and truly reflects the heart and soul poured into it. ![]() Fully voice acted and bursting with charismaĮvery character you meet on your journey through Acazhor is fully voiced and overflowing with personality.Take care as you play, because your decisions throughout Ader’s tale will ultimately impact his relationships and decide the outcome of his story. This gorgeous, animated visual novel unravels in unexpected ways with a perfect blend of mystery, comedy and romance.Ĭome, traveler, and listen to the tale of Ader-sind of the Upperfield, the greatest knight the kingdom has ever known! The bravest! The most handsome! The… yeah, no, let’s try this again. Join a ragtag band of misfits as they piece together how Ader, a one-eyed farmboy with seemingly impossible dreams, becomes the most celebrated knight the kingdom of Acazhor has ever known. ![]() Otherwise, it’s probably best to spend some quality time with your baby and get them to sleep yourself. Under the bill, a baby box would be placed in each of West Virginia’s 55 counties at one of those locations. Overall, if you’ve got an exceptionally difficult child that just won’t get to sleep without extended shushing, then the Baby Shusher might be great for you. 17 hours ago &0183 &32 CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP. There’s a design flaw that prevents the Shusher from being very audible when it’s placed flat down on a surface. Over the time it was okay for her when one of us sat next to. The Shusher also has an app that only costs $4.99 and does the exact same thing. When our second daughter was a baby we spend hours in the bedroom helping her to fall asleep. The Baby Shusher retails at $34.99, a bit costly for something that you can do with your own lips. Over the time it was okay for her when one of us sat next to her bed continuously shushing. ![]() Needless to say, do not put the Baby Shusher close to your baby’s ear. Baby Shush App Baby Shush App Relaxing Sounds When our second daughter was a baby we spend hours in the bedroom helping her to fall asleep. The five Ss are swaddling, side or stomach position, shushing, swinging, and sucking. It goes up to 85 decibels in volume, which is designed to replicate the 90-decibel volume level that occurs within the womb. Pediatrician Harvey Karp, author of The Happiest Baby on the Block, says his 'five Ss' method can calm fussy newborns and help them sleep. As you can hear, the Shusher can actually get quite loud. This calming sounds machine is created using an ancient but doctor-tested and approved technique to help soothe your fussy baby calm with a shusher sound app. Some good features of the Baby Shusher: an adjustable volume, which helps keep your baby calm during the night without keeping everyone awake it also comes with a handy strap that allows you to hang it off of your wrist or hang it close to your baby. The Baby Shusher App is a revolutionary new tool for parents that will calm baby easily using soothing sounds. You can select easily ambient sounds, soothing music, shush, lullabies, spots, and sleeping melodies for your baby to fall asleep or. Built in are 15- and 30-minute timers that promote long shushing sessions while getting difficult children to sleep. At 3 months, a baby will need 5 hours of sleep during the day and 10 hours at night. It’s designed to give you a break from shushing your baby for long periods of time. With a full tummy and a dry diaper, your baby should be ready for a nap. ![]() The Shusher uses a real human recording of someone shushing. This product is marketed as a sleep miracle cure that will naturally help soothe your crying baby to sleep. On this episode of “Does My Baby Really Need This?” new dad Evan Kaufman shows us the Baby Shusher. ![]() Thase, MD, a professor of psychiatry and director of the mood and anxiety program at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, explains that during mania, “certain regions of the brain are biologically activated, receiving more blood flow as glucose is being burned off.”Īs a result, he says, “colors are brighter, sex is enhanced, and you feel smarter. There’s occasional recognition in scientific circles, such as in a 2013 study at Baylor College of Medicine that was actually looking at a specific gene’s role in bipolar disorder. When it comes to scientific proof, however, no one’s doing the research that would validate that connection. Does Bipolar Disorder Cause Noise Sensitivity?Īnecdotal evidence suggests that a significant slice of people with bipolar experience an almost-painful reaction to noise, especially during mood episodes-usually mania. An extreme negative reaction (anything from anxiety to violent rage) may be triggered by something like gum chewing or foot tapping, or even someone breathing. ![]() Misophonia is a separate kind of sound sensitivity-specifically, “selective sound sensitivity syndrome.” In misophonia, someone has an intense dislike of a sound or group of sounds. After brief exposure in the lab to a physical, mental, or social stressor, those women experienced the sound level of a normal conversation as uncomfortably loud. In 2013, scientists at the Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University’s Stress Research Institute in Sweden found that women with chronic emotional exhaustion were especially susceptible to stress-induced hyperacusis. There’s also a body of research that ties stress and emotional exhaustion to hearing problems. (Migraines, by the way, have a significant crossover with bipolar). Although it hasn’t been formally linked to bipolar disorder, there is a recognized association with other neurologic conditions such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, extreme fatigue, and migraine headaches. In the general population, hyperacusis may be caused by exposure to a loud noise, some medications, and a few medical conditions. High-frequency sounds may be especially troublesome. Something as innocuous as shuffling papers or running a faucet could be as jarring as a jackhammer. According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, hyperacusis arises from a problem in the way the brain’s central auditory processing center perceives sounds.Īs a result, noises that don’t seem loud to someone else will feel overpowering. In the medical field, noise sensitivity (or noise intolerance) is called hyperacusis. Unwanted noise can be a real pain in the ear. After a decade of learning to manage her bipolar, she now sees a connection between her moods and noise sensitivity. Yet the Florida woman “couldn’t account for the rage” that went along with her episodes of hyped-up hearing. There was that loud rock concert she’d attended, and, later, a car accident that resulted in sandy water inundating her left ear. Lynn says that before she was diagnosed with bipolar disorder at age 38, she attributed her heightened aural response to incidents that affected her hearing. It was all so unsettling: a rattle in the overhead air-conditioning unit, a cricket down the hall, cars on the highway late at night-and her house wasn’t even near the road. When Lynn was younger, she realized that sometimes she would hear things at work that no one else could. Do sounds that don’t bother anyone else make you want to tear your hair out? Hypersensitive hearing is a fairly common mood symptom with bipolar. ![]() There are a number of subtleties for working with modules, which I won’t cover in this example. The only real impact on a small application like the demo app we’re writing here is one additional file, module-info.java. If you want a seamless experience working with IntelliJ IDEA, JavaFX and Gradle, and you are free to make all the architectural decisions, try creating a modular application using Java’s Module System (introduced in Java 9). These example applications were all started by following the OpenJFX Getting Started Documentation on the openjfx site, any differences between that guide, and the final code are documented. Since both build tools are popular, I wanted to cover both of them. Having worked with both Maven and Gradle in my JavaFX applications, I’ve seen the approaches both tools take. This is mostly because UI frameworks depend more upon your operating system than other sorts of frameworks, so the build tool needs to pull in the correct dependency for your OS. We can’t just add a new dependency in our Maven or Gradle file and start using it straight away. JavaFX is not quite as simple a dependency as any other library you might be using in your applications. ![]() What I wanted to find out is what’s the current best way to create a new JavaFX application, and how do you run it from inside IntelliJ IDEA? I’ve been using JavaFX in a number of my demo applications over the last six years, and the one thing I’ve learnt is that it’s a bit of a moving target, in particular since JavaFX was taken out of the JDK in Java 11. This week we’re doing a Live Stream on JavaFX, and I wanted to use that opportunity to refresh my JavaFX knowledge. ![]() Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also be synthesized, as well as lepton–antilepton particles such as positronium. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 19 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. ![]() ![]() The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It took until 1947 for the concept of "leptons" as a family of particles to be proposed. After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass. Anderson in 1936, which was classified as a meson at the time. The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists and was discovered in 1897 by J. It is not currently known whether this is the case. According to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle. Unlike quarks, however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, the weak interaction, and to electromagnetism, of which the latter is proportional to charge, and is thus zero for the electrically neutral neutrinos.įor every lepton flavor, there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as an antilepton, that differs from the lepton only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. ![]() Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Thus electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas muons and taus can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and those carried out in particle accelerators). The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons and neutrinos through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. Μ) and the third are the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau ( The first-generation leptons, also called electronic leptons, comprise the electron (Į) the second are the muonic leptons, comprising the muon ( There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, grouped in three generations. The best known of all leptons is the electron. Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons or muons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin ( spin 1⁄ 2) that does not undergo strong interactions. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. This article contains special characters. |
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